Introduction to .NET Framework and Components.....Article 2

.NET Framework and Components

“.Net” FRAMEWORK:

The .NET Framework consists of two parts: the common language runtime (CLR) and the Framework Class Library (FCL). The .NET Framework is the part of the initiative that makes developing services and applications really easy. And, most important, this is what this paper is all about: developing applications and XML Web services for the .NET Framework.
Almost all programmers are familiar with runtimes and class libraries such as the C-runtime library, the standard template library (STL), the Microsoft Foundation Class library (MFC), the Active Template Library (ATL), the VisualBasic runtime library, or the Java virtual machine. In fact, the Windows operating system itself can be thought of as a runtime engine and library. Runtime engines and libraries offer services to applications, and we programmers love them because they save us from reinventing the same algorithms over and over again.
The .NET Framework allows developers to leverage technologies more than any earlier Microsoft development platform did. Specifically, the .NET Framework provides on code reuse, code specialization, resource management, multilanguage development,security, deployment, and administration. It also overcomes some of the deficiencies of the current Windows platform.
The following section summarise what the CLR and the FCL provide.


Features of .Net Framework
1. Consistent programming model: Unlike today, where some operating system facilities are accessed via dynamic-link library (DLL) functions and other facilities are accessed via COM objects, all application services are offered via a common object-oriented programming model.
2. Simplified programming model: The CLR seeks to greatly simplify the plumbing and arcane constructs required by Win32 and COM. Specifically, the CLR now frees the developer from having to understand any of the following concepts: the registry, globally unique identifiers (GUIDs), IUnknown, AddRef, Release , HRESULTs, and so on. The CLR doesn’t just abstract these concepts away from the developer; these concepts simply don’t exist, in any form, in the CLR. Of course, if you want to write a .NET Framework application that interoperates with existing, non-.NET code, you must still be aware of these concepts.
3. Run once, run always: All Windows developers are familiar with “DLL hell” versioning problems. This situation occurs when components being installed for a new application overwrite components of an old application, causing the old application to exhibit strange behavior or stop functioning altogether. The architecture of the .NET Framework now isolates application components so that an application always loads the components that it was built and tested with. If the application runs after installation, then the application should always run. This slams shut the gates of “DLL hell.”
4. Simplified deployment: Today, Windows applications are incredibly difficult to set up and deploy. Several files, registry settings, and shortcuts usually need to be created. In addition, completely uninstalling an application is nearly impossible. With Windows 2000, Microsoft introduced a new installation engine that helps with all these issues, but it’s still possible that a company authoring a Microsoft installer package might fail to do everything correctly. The .NET Framework seeks to banish these issues into history. The .NET Framework components (known simply as types) are not referenced by the registry. In fact, installing most .NET Framework applications requires no more than copying the files to a directory and adding a shortcut to the Start menu, desktop, or Quick Launch bar. Uninstalling the application is as simple as deleting the files.
5. Wide platform reach: When compiling source code for the .NET Framework, the compilers produce common intermediate language (CIL) instead of the more traditional CPU instructions. At run time, the CLR translates the CIL into native CPU instructions. Because the translation to native CPU instructions is done at run time, the translation is done for the host CPU. This means that you can deploy your .NET Framework application on any machine that has an ECMA-compliant version of the CLR and FCL running on it. These machines can be x86, IA64, Alpha, PowerPC, and so on. This feature is very important if we change our computing hardware or operating system.
6. Programming language integration: COM allows different programming languages to interoperate with one another. The .NET Framework allows languages to be integrated with one another so that you can use types of another language as if they are your own. For example, the CLR makes it possible to create a class in C++ that derives from a class implemented in Visual Basic. The CLR allows this because it defines and provides a Common Type System (CTS) that all programming languages that target the CLR must use. The Common Language Specification (CLS) describes what compiler implementers must do in order for their languages to integrate well with other languages. Microsoft is itself providing several compilers that produce code targeting the runtime: C++ with Managed Extensions, C#, Visual Basic .NET (which now
subsumes Visual Basic Scripting Edition, or VBScript, and Visual Basic for Applications, or VBA), and JScript. In addition, companies other than Microsoft and academic institutions are producing compilers for other languages that also target the CLR.
7. Simplified code reuse: Using the mechanisms described earlier, you can create your own classes that offer services to third-party applications. This makes it extremely simple to reuse code and also creates a large market for component (type) vendors.
8. Automatic memory and management (garbage collection): Programming requires great skill and discipline, especially when it comes to managing the use of resources such as files, memory, screen space, network connections, database resources, and so on. One of the most common bugs is neglecting to free one of these resources, ultimately causing the application to perform improperly at some unpredictable time. The CLR automatically tracks resource usage, guaranteeing that your application never leaks resources. In fact, there is no way to explicitly “free” memory.
9. Type-safe verification: The CLR can verify that all your code is type-safe. Type safety ensures that allocated objects are always accessed in compatible ways. Hence, if a method input parameter is declared as accepting a 4-byte value, the CLR will detect and trap attempts to access the parameter as an 8-byte value. Similarly, if an object occupies 10 bytes in memory, the application can’t coerce the object into a form that will allow more than 10 bytes to be read. Type safety also means that execution flow will transfer only to well-known locations (that is, method entry points). There is no way to construct an arbitrary reference to a memory location and cause code at that location to start executing. Together, these measures ensure type safety eliminating many common programming errors and classic system attacks (for example, exploiting buffer overruns).
10. Rich debugging support: Because the CLR is used for many programming languages, it is now much easier to implement portions of our application using the language best suited to a particular task. The CLR fully supports debugging applications that cross language boundaries.
11. Consistent method failure paradigm: One of the most aggravating aspects of Windows programming is the inconsistent style that functions use to report failures. Some functions return Win32 status codes, some functions return HRESULTs, and some functions throw exceptions. In the CLR, all failures are reported via exceptions—period. Exceptions allow the developer to isolate the failure recovery code from the code required to get the work done. This separation greatly simplifies writing, reading, and maintaining code. In addition, exceptions work across module and programming language boundaries. And, unlike status codes and HRESULTs, exceptions can’t be ignored. The CLR also provides built-in stack-walking facilities, making it much easier to locate any bugs and failures.
12. Security: Traditional operating system security provides isolation and access control based on user accounts. This model has proven useful, but at its core assumes that all code is equally trustworthy. This assumption was justified when all code was installed from physical media (for example, CD-ROM) or trusted corporate servers. But with the increasing reliance on mobile code such as Web scripts, applications downloaded over the Internet, and e-mail attachments, we need ways to control the behavior of applications in a more code-centric manner. Code access security provides a means to do this.
13. Interoperability: Developers already have an enormous amount of existing code and components. Rewriting all this code to take full advantage of the.NET Framework platform is a huge undertaking and prevents the speedy adoption of this platform. So the .NET Framework fully supports the ability for the developer to access their existing COM components as well as call Win32 functions in existing DLLs.


References

THE COMPLETE REFERENCE VISUAL BASIC .NET- By Jeffery R. Shapiro
INTRODUCING .NET- By Wrox publication
COURSE MATERIAL ON .NET- By KICIT
LEARN TO PROGRAM WITH VISUAL BASIC .NET –By John Smiley